


JPMorgan Chase, as it exists since 2008, is the result of the combination of several large U.S.
banking companies over the last decade including Chase Manhattan Bank, J.P. Morgan & Co., Bank
One, Bear Stearns and Washington Mutual. Going back further, its predecessors include major
banking firms among which are Chemical Bank, Manufacturers Hanover, First Chicago Bank,
National Bank of Detroit, Texas Commerce Bank, Providian Financial and Great Western Bank.
Chemical Banking Corporation
Chemical Bank Logo used prior to its merger with Chase Manhattan BankThe New York Chemical
Manufacturing Company was founded in 1823 as a maker of various chemicals. In 1824, the
company amended its charter to perform banking activities and created the Chemical Bank of New
York. After 1851, the bank was separated from its parent and grew organically and through a series
of mergers, most notably with Corn Exchange Bank in 1954, Texas Commerce Bank (a large bank in
Texas) in 1986, and Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in 1991 (the first major bank merger
"among equals"). At many points throughout this history, Chemical Bank was the largest bank in the
United States (either in terms of assets or deposit market share).
In 1996, Chemical acquired the Chase Manhattan Corporation taking the more prominent Chase
name. In 2000, the combined company acquired J.P. Morgan & Co. and combined the two names to
form what is today JPMorgan Chase & Co. JPMorgan Chase retains Chemical Bank's headquarters
at 277 Park Avenue and stock price history.
The Chase Manhattan Bank was formed upon the 1931 purchase of Chase National Bank
(established in 1877) by the Bank of the Manhattan Company (established in 1799), the company's
oldest predecessor institution. The Bank of the Manhattan Company was the creation of Aaron
Burr, who transformed The Manhattan Company from a water carrier into a bank.
Led by David Rockefeller during the 1970s and the 1980s, Chase Manhattan emerged as one of
the largest and most prestigious banking concerns, with leadership positions in syndicated
lending, treasury and securities services, credit cards, mortgages, and retail financial services.
Weakened by the real estate collapse in the early 1990s, it was acquired by Chemical Bank in
1996 but retained the Chase name. Prior to its merger with J.P. Morgan & Co., Chase acquired
San Francisco-based Hambrecht & Quist in 1999 for $1.35 billion.
Built in 1914, 23 Wall Street was known as the "House of Morgan," and for decades the bank's
headquarters was the most important address in American finance. At noon, on September 16,
1920, a terrorist bomb exploded in front of the bank, injuring 400 and killing 38. Shortly before the
bomb went off, a warning note was placed in a mailbox at the corner of Cedar Street and
Broadway. The warning read: "Remember we will not tolerate any longer. Free the political
prisoners or it will be sure death for all of you. American Anarchists Fighters." While theories
abound about who was behind the Wall Street bombing and why they did it, after twenty years of
investigation the FBI rendered the file inactive in 1940 without ever finding the perpetrators.
In August 1914, Henry P. Davison, a Morgan partner, traveled to the UK and made a deal with the
Bank of England to make J.P. Morgan & Co. the monopoly underwriter of war bonds for UK and
France. The Bank of England became a "fiscal agent" of J.P. Morgan & Co. and vice versa. The
company also invested in the suppliers of war equipment to Britain and France. Thus, the
company profited from the financing and purchasing activities of the two European governments.
In the 1930s, all J.P. Morgan & Co. along with all integrated banking businesses in the United
States, was required by the provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act to separate its investment banking
from its commercial banking operations. J.P. Morgan & Co. chose to operate as a commercial
bank, because at the time commercial lending was perceived to be more profitable and
prestigious business in the post depression era. Additionally, many within J.P. Morgan believed
that a change in the climate would allow the company to resume its securities businesses but it
would be nearly impossible to reconstitute the bank if it were disassembled.
In 1935, after being barred from securities business for over a year, the heads of J.P. Morgan
made the decision to spinoff its investment banking operations. Led by J.P. Morgan partners,
Henry S. Morgan (son of Jack Morgan and grandson of J. Pierpont Morgan) and Harold Stanley,
Morgan Stanley was founded on September 16, 1935 with $6.6 million of nonvoting preferred
stock from J.P. Morgan partners. In order to bolster its position, in 1959, J.P. Morgan merged with
the Guaranty Trust Company of New York to form the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. The bank
would continue to operate as Morgan Guaranty through the 1980s before beginning to migrate
back toward the use of the J.P. Morgan brand. In 1984, the group finally purchased the Purdue
National Corporation of Lafayette Indiana, uniting a history between the two figures of Salmon
Portland Chase and John Purdue. In 1988, the company once again began operating exclusively
as J.P. Morgan & Co.
Bank One Corporation
Main article: Bank One Corporation
Bank One logo used prior to its merger with JPMorgan ChaseIn 2004, JPMorgan Chase merged with
Bank One Corp., bringing on board current chairman and CEO Jamie Dimon as president and COO
and designating him as CEO William B. Harrison, Jr.'s successor. Dimon's pay was pegged at 90% of
Harrison's. Dimon quickly made his influence felt by embarking on a cost-cutting strategy and
replaced former JPMorgan Chase executives in key positions with Bank One executives—many of
whom were with Dimon at Citigroup. Dimon became CEO in January 2006 and Chairman in
December 2006.
Bank One Corporation was formed upon the 1998 merger between Banc One of Ohio and First
Chicago NBD. These two large banking companies had themselves been created through the merger
of many banks. This merger was largely considered a failure until Jamie Dimon—recently ousted as
President of Citigroup—took over and reformed the new firm's practices—especially its disastrous
technology mishmash inherited from the many mergers prior to this one. Mr. Dimon effected more
than sufficient changes to make Bank One Corporation a viable merger partner for JPMorgan Chase.
Bank One Corporation traced its roots to First Bancgroup of Ohio, founded as a holding company for
City National Bank of Columbus, Ohio and several other banks in that state, all of which were
renamed "Bank One" when the holding company was renamed Bank One Corporation. With the
beginning of interstate banking they spread into other states, always renaming acquired banks "Bank
One", though for a long time they resisted combining them into one bank. After the NBD merger,
adverse financial results led to the departure of CIO John B. McCoy, whose father and grandfather
had headed Banc One and predecessors. Jamie Dimon, a former key executive of Citigroup, was
brought in to head the company. JPMorgan Chase completed the acquisition of Bank One in 2004.
Bear Stearns
Bear Stearns logoAt the end of 2007, Bear Stearns & Co. Inc. was the fifth largest investment bank in
the United States but its market capitalization had deteriorated through the second half of 2007. On
Friday, March 14, 2008 Bear Stearns lost 47% of its equity market value to close at $30.00 per share
as rumors emerged that clients were withdrawing capital from the bank. Over the following weekend it
emerged that Bear Stearns might prove insolvent and on or around March 15, 2008 the Federal
Reserve engineered a deal to prevent a wider systemic crisis from the collapse of Bear Stearns.
On March 16, 2008, after a weekend of intense negotiations between JPMorgan, Bear, and the
federal government, JPMorgan Chase announced that it had plans to acquire Bear Stearns in a stock
swap worth $2.00 per share or $240 million pending shareholder approval scheduled within 90 days.
In the interim, JPMorgan Chase agreed to guarantee all Bear Stearns trades and business process
flows.[9] Two days later, on March 18, 2008, JPMorgan Chase formally announced the acquisition of
Bear Stearns for $236 million. The stock swap agreement was signed in the late-night hours of March
18, 2008, with JPMorgan agreeing to exchange 0.05473 of each of its shares upon closure of the
merger for one Bear share, valuing the Bear shares at $2 each. [10]
On March 24, 2008, after considerable public discontent by Bear Stearns shareholders over the low
acquisition price threatened the deal's closure, a revised offer was announced at approximately $10
per share. Under the revised terms, JPMorgan also immediately acquired a 39.5% stake in Bear
Stearns (using newly issued shares) at the new offer price and gained a commitment from the board
(representing another 10% of the share capital) that its members would vote in favour of the new
deal. With sufficient committments thus in hand to ensure a successful shareholder vote, the merger
was completed on June 2, 2008.
Washington Mutual
Washington Mutual logoOn September 25, 2008; JPMorgan Chase bought most of the banking
operations of Washington Mutual from the receivership of the FDIC. That night, the Office of Thrift
Supervision had seized Washington Mutual Bank and placed it into receivership in by far the largest
bank failure in American history. The FDIC sold the bank's assets, secured debt obligations and
deposits to JPMorgan Chase & Co for $1.836 billion, which re-opened the bank the following day. As
a result of the takeover, Washington Mutual shareholders lost all their equity.[11]
JPMorgan Chase raised $10 billion in a stock sale to cover writedowns and losses after taking on
deposits and branches of Washington Mutual.[12] Through the acquisition, JPMorgan Chase now
owns the former accounts of Providian Financial, a credit card issuer WaMu acquired in 2005. The
company announced plans to complete the rebranding of Washington Mutual branches to Chase by
late 2009.














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JP-MORGAN CHASE FINANCIAL
SERVICES
JPMorgan Chase's quarterly results reassure investors
JPMorgan became the third big bank in a week to release upbeat earnings news, reporting Thursday that it
earned $2.14 billion for the January-March period, thanks to strong trading activity and banking to consumers.
The company’s performance added to the evidence that the financial industry is starting to recover from the
devastating losses caused by the credit crisis and the recession, even as banks still contend with rising loan
defaults.
The bank’s chief executive also said that it could pay back its $25 billion in government funding immediately
and that it has no intention of using the government’s Public-Private Investment Program to sell so-called “toxic
assets” such as mortgage-backed
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM) is one of the oldest financial services firms in the world. It
is a leader in financial services with assets of $2.3 trillion.[4], and the largest market
capitalization and deposit base of any U.S. banking institution. The hedge fund unit of JPMorgan
Chase is the largest hedge fund in the United States with $34 billion in assets as of 2007.[5]
Formed in 2000 when Chase Manhattan Corporation acquired J.P. Morgan & Co., the firm
serves millions of consumers in the United States and many of the world's most prominent
corporate, institutional and governmental clients.
The JPMorgan brand is used by the Investment Bank as well as the Asset Management, Private
Banking, Private Wealth Management, and Treasury & Securities Services Divisions. Fiduciary
activity within Private Banking and Private Wealth Management is done under the aegis of
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.—the actual trustee. The Chase brand is used for credit card
services in the United States and Canada, the bank's retail banking activities in the United
States, and commercial banking.
JP Morgan Chase is one of the Big Four Banks of United States with Bank of America, Citigroup
and Wells Fargo.[6]
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM) is a leading global financial services firm with assets of $2.2 trillion and
operations in more than 60 countries. The firm is a leader in investment banking, financial services for
consumers, small business and commercial banking, financial transaction processing, asset management, and
private equity. A component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, JPMorgan Chase serves millions of
consumers in the United States and many of the world’s most prominent corporate, institutional and
government clients under its J.P. Morgan, Chase and WaMu brands.
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