CALCULATOR
Top 9  Real Estate Financial Calculator Problems

Real estate investors use a variety of mathematical tools to analyze the performance of their
investment properties. We've taken some of the most popular ones and explain their purpose and how
to do these real estate investment calculations.

Once you've learned about them, download the spreadsheets. One is the Real Estate Investment
Calculator Sheet, and the other is the same sheet with sample data in it to show you formats.

1. Gross Potential Income
Gross potential income is the expected income a property will produce without deductions for expected
vacancy or credit loss.
Gross Potential Income calculation explained here.

This one is relatively simple. We want to know what income will be realized if a property is fully
occupied and all rents are collected. We take number of units times annual rent for a total.
Example: An apartment complex with six units. Three rent for $700 per month and the other three rent
for $800 per month.

Here's How:
3 units * $700/month = $2100
$2100 * 12 = $25,200
3 units * $800/month = $2400
$2400 * 12 = $28,800
$25,200 + $28,800 = $54,000 Annual income. This is our GPI.
Tips:
Remember that we are assuming full occupancy and all payments made.
2. Gross Operating Income
This calculation takes into account losses due to vacancy and non-payment.
Detail of the Gross Operating Income calculation.

How To Calculate Gross Operating Income (G0I)?
Once we know the Gross Potential Income of a real estate investment property,we
arrive at the Gross Operating Income by subtracting out the estimated annual losses
due to non-payment or vacancies.

Let's use our already calculated Gross Potential Income result of $54,000. This is if all
units are full and all rents paid.


Based on experience, the current market and rental occupancies, we estimate that our
losses due to vacancies and non-payment will be 5%.


$54,000 *.05 = $2700


$54,000 - $2700= $51,300 for our Gross Operating Income
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3.
Gross Rental Multiplier
Though not the most precise of tools, the GRM can give you a quick comparison tool to
decide on whether to do a more thorough analysis.
Get Gross Rental Multiplier help here.

How To Calculate and Use the Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM)?
As a real estate agent working with real estate investors, you will likely be doing quite a
few market value analysis for each property finally purchased. The Gross Rental
Multiplier (GRM) is easy to calculate, but isn't a very precise tool for ascertaining value.
However, it is an excellent first quick value assessment tool to see if further more
detailed analysis is warranted. In other words, if the GRM is way out high or low
compared to recent comparable sold properties, it probably indicates a problem with
the property or gross over-pricing.

Here's How:
Getting the GRM for recent sold properties:
Market Value / Annual Gross Income = Gross Rent Multiplier (GRM)

Property sold for $750,000 / $110,000 Annual Income = GRM of 6.82



Estimating value of property based on GRM:
Let's say that you did an analysis of recent comparable sold properties and found that,
like the one above, their GRM's averaged around 6.75. Now you want to approximate
the value of the property being considered for purchase. You know that its gross rental
income is $68,000 annually.

GRM X Annual Income = Market Value

6.75 X $68,000 = $459,000

If it's listed for sale at $695,000, you might not want to waste more time in looking at it
for purchase.

Tips:
Don't get too reliant on this calculation, but it can be used to narrow down a crowded
field of possible properties.
4. Net Operating Income
Here we throw in the operating expenses, such as management, repairs, janitorial,
etc. for our NOI.
Net Operating Income calculation explained here.

How To Calculate Net Operating Income NOI for a Real Estate Investment Property?
As a real estate professional serving investment clients, you need to be very familiar
with all the methods of valuation of income properties. One of these is the
calculation of Net Operating Income, as it is used with cap rate to determine the
value of a property.

Determine the Gross Operating Income (GOI) of the property:
Gross Potential Income - Vacancy and Credit Loss = Gross Operating Income



Determine the operating expenses of the property. This would include expenses for
management, legal and accounting, insurance, janitorial, maintenance, supplies,
taxes, utilities, etc.


Subtract the operating expenses from the Gross Operating Income to arrive at the
Net Operating Income. Using the example of a property with a gross operating
income of $52,000 and operating expenses of $37,000, our net operating income
would be:
$52,000 - $37,000 = $15,000 Net Operating Income

Tips:
Be very careful to get all the operating expenses into the calculation. Missing
expenses will increase net operating income and thus cause your client to overpay
for the property based on valuation using cap rate.
5. Capitalization Rate
By using other properties' operating income and recent sold prices, the
capitalization rate is determined and then applied to the property in question to
determine current value based on income.
Capitalization Rate Calculation explained.

How To Calculate Capitalization Rate for Real Estate?
Those who invest in real estate via income-producing properties need to have a
method to determine the value of a property they're considering buying. By using
other properties' operating income and recent sold prices, the capitalization rate is
determined and then applied to the property in question to determine current value
based on income.

Get the recent sold price of an income property, such as an apartment complex.
Example: Six unit apartment project sold for $300,000



For that same apartment project, determine the net operating income, or the net
rentals realized by the owners.
Example: The rental income after expenses (net) is $24,000



Divide the net operating income by the sale price to get cap rate.
Example: $24,000 / $300,000 = .08 or 8% (The Capitalization Rate)
6. Cash Flow Before Taxes (CFBT)
We take net operating income and subtract capital cash expenditures as well as
debt service, add back loan proceeds and interest income.
More on Cash Flow Before Taxes.

How To Calculate Cash Flow Before Taxes (CFBT) for Your Real Estate Investor
Clients?
When you work with real estate investor clients, it's important that you have the
knowledge to help them determine the viability of investments. Cash flow is quite
important, as it disregards the deductibility for tax purposes of expenses. A tax
return tells you some things, but cash flow tells you more.

Begin with the Net Operating Income of the property.


Subtract the money out for debt service. This is the amount spent for the entire
mortgage payment, interest and principle.


Subtract any capital expenditures. This would be money spent for improvements on
the property, whether they are deductible that year or not. This is actual cash spent.


Add any loan proceeds. This is the money borrowed on a loan other than the original
mortgage. If you made capital improvements, but took out a loan to pay for it, put that
loan amount here as an addition.


Add any interest earned. Should the property have loans or investments out that
provide cash in as interest, add that in here.


You have now come to the result, which is the Cash Flow Before Taxes (CFBT) for
this property. Here's the line itemization:
Begin with Net Operating Income
- Subtract Debt Service
- Subtract Capital Improvements cash out
+ Add Loan Proceeds for loans to finance operations
+ Add back any interest earned
= Cash Flow Before Taxes





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7.
Cash Flow After Taxes (CFAT)
This one is easy, as it's the CFBT with taxes subtracted.
Details on Cash Flow After Taxes.

How To Calculate After Tax Cash Flow (CFAT) for the Real Estate Investor?
Cash flow after taxes isn't a difficult calculation. Once Cash Flow Before Taxes is
determined, it's a simple matter to subtract tax liability to determine Cash Flow After
Taxes. It's possible that, due to accrued losses deductible in later years, that this
after tax cash flow could actually be a positive number and be higher than the cash
flow before taxes.

Determine the cash flow before taxes.


Subtract the income tax liability, state and federal.
The result is the Cash Flow After Taxes.

Another method of calculating CFAT is:
CFAT = Net Income + Depreciation + Amortization + Other Non-Cash Charges

They really aren't that different, as you're just adding back cash items that were
subtracted for the Cash Flow Before Taxes calculation. In the CFBT calculation, debt
service is subtracted from Net Income, as it's a cash outflow. However, the
depreciation and interest are both deductible for taxes, and thus are added back to
get the CFAT.
8. Break-Even Ratio
Add Debt Service to Operating Expenses and divide by Operating Income.
More on Break-Even Ratio

How To Calculate the Break-Even Ratio for Real Estate Investment?
Lenders use the break-even ratio as one of their analysis methods when
considering providing financing for a real estate investment property. Too high of a
break-even ratio is a cautionary indicator.

In this case we'll assume an annual debt service of $32,000



Determine the annual operating expenses for the property.
In this case, we'll assume that management and direct operating costs annually are
$47,000.



Calculate the annual gross operating income of the property.
We'll assume a gross operating income of $98,000 annually.



Add Debt Service to Operating Expenses and divide by Operating Income:
$32,000 + $47,000 / $98,000 = .81 or an 81% Break-Even Ratio.
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9. Return on Equity - Year One
This is the percentage return on your cash investment the first year.
More on Return on Equity

How To Calculate Return on Equity for Real Estate Investments in First Year?
Many real estate investors are involved in multiple properties and use leverage in
their purchases. When deciding on the viability of an investment, one of the
measures used is the expected Return on Equity in the fist year.
If two properties are similar, the one which will produce the best first year return
may be the better short term investment.

Here's How:
Determine the Cash Flow After Taxes. In this case, we'll assume a CFAT of $11,000.


What is the cash invested as down payment or other into acquiring the property?
We'll use $170,000 in this example.


Divide the CFAT by the cash invested:
$11,000 / $170,000 = .065 or 6.5% Return on Equity
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