| Introduction To Money Market Mutual Funds Investors interested in the money market can access it most easily through money market mutual funds, but these vehicles do not let smaller investors off the hook when it comes to having a rudimentary understanding of the Treasury bills, commercial paper, bankers acceptances, repurchase agreements and certificates of deposit that make up the bulk of money market mutual fund portfolios. In this article, we'll show you how money market funds work and how they can benefit you. --------------------------------- Purpose of Money Market Mutual Funds for Investors There are three instances when money market mutual funds, because of their liquidity, are particularly suitable investments. Money market mutual funds offer a convenient parking place for cash reserves when an investor is not quite ready to make an investment or is anticipating a near-term cash outlay for a non-investment purpose. Money market mutual funds offer ultimate safety and liquidity. This means that investors will have an expected sum of cash at the very moment that they need it. ----------------- An investor holding a basket of mutual funds from a single fund company may occasionally want to transfer assets from one fund to another. If, however, the investor wants to sell a fund before deciding on another fund to purchase, a money market mutual fund offered by the same fund company may be a good place to park the proceeds of sale. Then, at the appropriate time, the investor may exchange his or her money market mutual fund holdings for shares of the other funds in the fund family. To benefit their clients, brokerage firms regularly use money market mutual funds to provide cash management services. Putting a client's dormant cash into money market mutual funds will earn the client an extra percentage point (or two) in annual returns above those earned by other possible investments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Operational Details of Money Market Mutual Funds Money market mutual funds are designed to offer features that are particularly suited to the needs of small investors. Minimum initial investments generally range from $500 to $5,000. You can purchase money market mutual funds directly from brokerage companies or mutual fund firms, just as you would purchase a stock or equity mutual. As investment advisors, some banks also sell money market funds and some even have their own proprietary funds that offer money market investment opportunities. These should not be confused with money market accounts, which are interest-earnings savings accounts. Money market mutual funds also offer some simplified withdrawal features that are more typically associated with bank or trust accounts. For example, money market funds allow investors to withdraw assets by writing checks, usually of a minimum amount, say, $500 per check. If the investor does not want to write a check as a means of withdrawing funds, he or she can easily redeem shares by requesting payment by mail or by remittance through a wire transfer to his or her bank account. |
| Money Market Funds For over 30 years, money market funds have treated investors well. Money market funds have been around for over 35 years and are a very popular place for investors to park their money. How popular? As of Feb. 21, 2007, 2.3 trillion dollars worth of popularity! Money market funds are a type of mutual fund that invests in short-term (less than a year) debt securities of agencies of the U.S. Government, banks and corporations and U.S. Treasury Bills. They are fixed at $1 per share and only the yield fluctuates. Banks prefer you never hear about the 1000-plus money market funds available to investors. These funds offer advantages that savings accounts, checking accounts and CD's can't beat, including: ---------------------------------- High Liquidity Money market funds are very liquid, meaning you can take money out of them on short notice. There is no penalty for taking money out of your money market fund, unlike Certificates of Deposit (CD's) that impose large fees for withdrawing your money. You can also write checks from your money market account (typically three a month). Low Risk Money market funds are not FDIC insured, but they are still very secure because they are holding very safe investments like t-bills. Government debt securities are considered very safe because the government has the ability to raise taxes to meet its obligations. It is virtually impossible to lose your principle in money market funds. To top it off, most mutual fund companies carry some sort of insurance to cover your assets. Competitive Yields Your checking and savings accounts will have a tough time beating the yield of a money market fund. Money market funds return an average of 4 to 6 percent a year, which rivals the return of CD's. The interest is calculated daily, but only paid out at the end of the month unless you sell the fund, then it is paid at that time. Money Market Funds Widely Used As mentioned earlier, about 2.36 trillion dollars of investors' money was in money market funds in 2007. If you sell a stock or a mutual fund, your broker or fund company will typically move your proceeds into a money market account so you can collect interest. Also, when you open an account with most brokerage firms or fund companies, your money is typically put into a money market account until you are ready to purchase bonds or equities. Money market funds are clearly a smart place to hold your money. If you are between investments, saving for a house, saving for a vehicle purchase, or just looking for a safe place to put money, I urge you to put the money in a money market fund. There is no reason to hold large amounts of money at the bank. ---------------------------------- What is a Certificate of Deposit Answer: A certificate of deposit ("CD") is a short to medium-term, FDIC insured investment available at banks and savings and loan institutions. Customers agree to lend money to the institutions for a certain amount of time. In exchange for doing so, the customers is paid a predetermined rate of interest. Often, banks will charge a penalty fee if the money is withdrawn from the CD before it matures. The purpose of this Estimator is to help you understand your share insurance protection. |
| Bond Basics: Different Types Of Bonds Government Bonds In general, fixed-income securities are classified according to the length of time before maturity. These are the three main categories: Bills - debt securities maturing in less than one year. Notes - debt securities maturing in one to 10 years. Bonds - debt securities maturing in more than 10 years. Marketable securities from the U.S. government - known collectively as Treasuries - follow this guideline and are issued as Treasury bonds, Treasury notes and Treasury bills (T-bills). Technically speaking, T-bills aren't bonds because of their short maturity. (You can read more about T-bills in our Money Market tutorial.) All debt issued by Uncle Sam is regarded as extremely safe, as is the debt of any stable country. The debt of many developing countries, however, does carry substantial risk. Like companies, countries can default on payments.  Municipal Bonds Municipal bonds, known as "munis", are the next progression in terms of risk. Cities don't go bankrupt that often, but it can happen. The major advantage to munis is that the returns are free from federal tax. Furthermore, local governments will sometimes make their debt non-taxable for residents, thus making some municipal bonds completely tax free. Because of these tax savings, the yield on a muni is usually lower than that of a taxable bond. Depending on your personal situation, a muni can be a great investment on an after-tax basis. Corporate Bonds A company can issue bonds just as it can issue stock. Large corporations have a lot of flexibility as to how much debt they can issue: the limit is whatever the market will bear. Generally, a short-term corporate bond is less than five years; intermediate is five to 12 years, and long term is over 12 years. Corporate bonds are characterized by higher yields because there is a higher risk of a company defaulting than a government. The upside is that they can also be the most rewarding fixed- income investments because of the risk the investor must take on. The company's credit quality is very important: the higher the quality, the lower the interest rate the investor receives. Other variations on corporate bonds include convertible bonds, which the holder can convert into stock, and callable bonds, which allow the company to redeem an issue prior to maturity. Treasury bonds (T-Bonds, or the long bond) have the longest maturity, from ten years to thirty years. They have coupon payment every six months like T-Notes, and are commonly issued with maturity of thirty years. The secondary market is highly liquid, so the yield on the most recent T-Bond offering was commonly used as a proxy for long-term interest rates in general. This role has largely been taken over by the 10-year note, as the size and frequency of long-term bond issues declined significantly in the 1990s and early 2000s. The U.S. Federal government stopped issuing the well-known 30-year Treasury bonds (often called long-bonds) on October 31, 2001. As the U.S. government used its budget surpluses to pay down the Federal debt in the late 1990s, the 10-year Treasury note began to replace the 30-year Treasury bond as the general, most-followed metric of the U.S. bond market. However, due to demand from pension funds and large, long-term institutional investors, along with a need to diversify the Treasury's liabilities - and also because the flatter yield curve meant that the opportunity cost of selling long-dated debt had dropped - the 30-year Treasury bond was re-introduced in February 2006 and is now issued quarterly. This will bring the U.S. in line with Japan and European governments issuing longer-dated maturities amid growing global demand from pension funds. Some countries, including France and the United Kingdom, have begun offering a 50-year bond, known as a Methuselah. How Do I Buy Bonds? Most bond transactions can be completed through a full service or discount brokerage. You can also open an account with a bond broker, but be warned that most bond brokers require a minimum initial deposit of $5,000. If you cannot afford this amount, we suggest looking at a mutual fund that specializes in bonds (or a bond fund). Some financial institutions will provide their clients with the service of transacting government securities. However, if your bank doesn't provide this service and you do not have a brokerage account, you can purchase government bonds through a government agency (this is true in most countries). In the U.S. you can buy bonds directly from the government through TreasuryDirect at http://www.treasurydirect.gov. The Bureau of the Public Debt started TreasuryDirect so that individuals could buy bonds directly from the Treasury, thereby bypassing a broker. All transactions and interest payments are done electronically. If you do decide to purchase a bond through your broker, he or she may tell you that the trade is commission free. Don't be fooled. What typically happens is that the broker will mark up the price slightly; this markup is really the same as a commission. To make sure that you are not being taken advantage of, simply look up the latest quote for the bond and determine whether the markup is acceptable. Remember, you should research bonds just as you would stocks. We've gone over several factors you need to consider before loaning money to a government or company, so do your homework Treasury note Treasury notes (or T-Notes) mature in two to ten years. They have a coupon payment every six months, and are commonly issued with maturities dates of 2, 5 or 10 years, for denominations from $100 to $1,000,000. T-Notes and T-Bonds are quoted on the secondary market at percentage of par in thirty-seconds of a point. Thus, for example, a quote of 95:07 on a note indicates that it is trading at a discount: $952.19 (i.e. 95 7/32%) for a $1,000 bond. (Several different notations may be used for bond price quotes. The example of 95 and 7/32 points may be written as 95:07, or 95-07, or 95'07, or decimalized as 95.21875.) Other notation includes a +, which indicates 1/64 points and a third digit may be specified to represent 1/256 points. Examples include 95:07+ which equates to (95 + 7/32 + 1/64) and 95:073 which equates to (95 + 7/32 + 3/256). Notation such as 95:073+ is unusual and not typically used. The 10-year Treasury note has become the security most frequently quoted when discussing the performance of the U.S. government-bond market and is used to convey the market's take on longer-term macroeconomic expectations. |
