FINANCE GLOSSARY
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Personal Finance Glossary
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V
1/1 ARM: An adjustable-rate mortgage that has a set initial interest rate for the first year. After that period, the mortgage rate adjusts each year. Each annual rate adjustment is based on (or “indexed to”) another rate,
often the yield on a U.S. Treasury note.
10/1 ARM: An adjustable-rate mortgage that has a set initial interest rate for the first 10 years. After that period, the mortgage rate adjusts each year.
3/1 Interest-Only ARM: An adjustable rate mortgage in which none of the payments go toward paying off the loan principal for the first three years.
3-in-1 Credit Report: Also called a merged credit report, this type of report includes your credit data from TransUnion, Equifax and Experian in a side-by-side format for easy comparison. You can order your 3-in-1
Credit Report online anytime.
80-10-10 Loan: A combination of an 80% loan-to-value first mortgage, a 10% home equity loan and a 10% down payment. The loans can be used to eliminate the need for private mortgage insurance.
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ACH: Automated Clearing House. This is a national network that allows for transferring funds electronically between businesses, consumers and financial institutions.
Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM): A home loan where the interest rate is changed periodically based on a standard financial index. ARM’s offer lower initial interest rates with the risk of rates increasing in the future. In
comparison, a fixed rate mortgage (FRM’s) offers a higher rate that will not change for the length of the loan. ARMs often have caps on how much the interest rate can rise or fall. You can shop and compare mortgage
options securely online.
Alternative Mortgage: Any home loan that is not a standard fixed-rate mortgage. This includes ARM’s, reverse mortgages and jumbo mortgages.
Alias: A note on your credit report that indicates other names used for your financial accounts. Sometimes marked as “Also Known As” or “AKA.” This can include maiden names or variations on the spelling and format
of your full name.
Amortization: The process of gradually repaying a debt with regularly scheduled payments.
AnnualCreditReport.com: The official website for obtaining your free credit report disclosures from the credit bureaus, Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. You have the right to request your credit reports online, by
phone or by mail for free once every 12 months under FACT Act regulations. This free service can only be used once a year and does not include your credit scores or any credit monitoring services.
Annual Fee: A charge sometimes required by credit card companies for use of an account. Annual fees range between $10-50 a year and are most common with rewards cards or cards for subprime borrowers.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The interest rate being charged on a debt, expressed as a yearly rate. Credit cards often have several different APR’s - one for purchases, one for cash advances and one for balance
transfers. Some lenders may increase the APR if a payment is late.
Application Fee: Amount a lender charges to process loan application documents. Quality lenders do not charge these fees (though they may charge many others).
Application Scoring: A specific kind of statistical scoring that businesses use to evaluate an applicant for acceptance or denial. Similar to credit scoring, application scoring often factors in other relevant details such
as employment status and income to determine risk.
Appraisal Fee: The amount charged to deliver a professional opinion about how much a property is worth. For a standard home or condominium, this fee is usually around $200-500.
Appraised Value: An educated opinion of how much a property is worth. An appraiser considers the price of similar homes in the area, the condition of the home and the features of the property to estimate the value.
Request a free home value estimate .
Asset: Assets are things owned by a person that have cash value. This can include homes, cars, boats, savings and investments.
Authorized User: Anyone who uses your credit cards or credit accounts with your permission. More specifically, someone who has a credit card from your account with their name on it. An authorized user is not legally
responsible for the debt and will not get credit score benefit from it. However, the account may appear on their credit report.
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Back-End Ratio or Back Ratio: The sum of your monthly mortgage payment and all other monthly debts (credit cards, car payments, student loans, etc.) divided by your monthly pre-tax income. Traditionally, lenders
wouldn’t give people loans that increased this ratio past 36%, but they often do now. (See Debt-to-Income Ratio)
Balance Transfer: The process of moving all or part of the outstanding balance on one credit card to another account. Credit card companies often offer special rates for balance transfers. Compare your credit card
options online today .
Balloon Payment: A loan where the payments don’t pay off the principal in full by the end of the term. When the loan term expires (usually after 5-7 years), the borrower must pay a balloon payment for the remaining
amount or refinance. Balloon loans sometimes include convertible options that allow the remaining amount to automatically be transferred into a long-term mortgage. (See Convertible ARM)
Bankruptcy: A proceeding that legally releases a person from repaying a portion or all debts owed. Bankruptcy damages your credit for 7-10 years and should only be considered as a last resort if you cannot repay your
debts. (See Chapter 7-13 Bankruptcy)
Beacon Score: A specific credit score developed by Equifax. There are thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can vary somewhat in
how it evaluates your credit data. Check your credit score online .
Bi-Weekly Mortgage: A mortgage that schedules payments every two weeks instead of the standard monthly payment. The 26 bi-weekly payments are each equal to one-half of a monthly payment. The result is that the
mortgage is paid off sooner.
Broker Premium: The amount a mortgage broker is paid for serving as the middleman between a lender and a borrower. This premium comes from the surcharge a broker applies to a discounted loan before offering it
to a borrower.
Borrower: The individual who is requesting the loan and who will be responsible to pay it back.
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Cardholder: The person who is issued a credit card and/or any authorized users.
Cash Advance: A cash loan requested from your creditor, usually through using your credit card at an ATM machine. Or a loan advance on your paycheck. These loans include special interest rates charged on the
amount of the advance.
Cash-Out Refinance: A new mortgage for an existing property in which the amount borrowed is greater than the amount of the previous mortgage. The difference is given to the borrower in cash when the loan is
closed.
Chapter 7 Bankruptcy: A type of consumer bankruptcy where your responsibility for your debts is cleared entirely. With this kind of bankruptcy you are not required to pay back debts you owe from before your filing.
Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing records remain on your credit report for 10 years and the record of each account included in your filing will remain on your report for 7 years. This has been the most common type of filing
but changes to bankruptcy law will make it more difficult to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the future.
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy: A complex type of bankruptcy usually filed by businesses that wish to restructure their debts.
Chapter 12 Bankruptcy: A type of bankruptcy specifically for farmers and fishermen. Similar to Chapter 13 bankruptcy but with a few special benefits.
Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: A type of bankruptcy where the consumer must pay off some of their debts over time. Chapter 13 bankruptcy filing records remain on your credit report for 7 years from the discharge date or 10
years from the filing date if it is not discharged. Each account included in the filing will remain on your report for 7 years.
Charge-Off: When a creditor or lender writes off the balance of a delinquent debt, no longer expecting it to be repaid. A charge-off is also known as a bad debt. Charge-off records remain on your credit report for 7
years and will harm your credit score. After a debt is charged-off, it can be sold to a collections agency.
ChexSystems: A credit reporting company that tracks your banking history and provides this data to banks when you apply for a new checking account. Negative records, such as bounced checks, can be kept in their
database for up to five years. If there are errors on your ChexSystems record, you can contact the company to submit a dispute.
Closing Costs: The amounts charged to a consumer when they are transferring ownership or borrowing against a property. Closing costs include lender, title and escrow fees and usually range from 3-6% of the
purchase price.
Collateral: An asset or property used as security against a loan. (See Secured Credit Card)
Collections: When a business sells your debt for a reduced amount to an agency in order to recover the amounts owed. Credit card debts, medical bills, cell phone bills, utility charges, library fees and video store fees
are often sold to collections. Collection agencies attempt to recover past-due debts by contacting the borrower via phone and mail. Collection records can remain on your credit report for 7 years from the last 180 day
late payment on the original debt. Your rights are defined by the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act .
Combined Loan-to-Value Ratio: The total amount you are borrowing in mortgage debts divided by the home’s fair market value. Someone with a $50,000 first mortgage and a $20,000 equity line secured against a
$100,000 house would have a CLTV ratio of 70%.
Commitment Fee: A fee paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for a promise to lend money on certain terms for a specified period. Usually charged in order to extend a loan approval offer for longer than the 30-
60 day standard period. Quality lenders don’t usually charge these fees.
Conforming Loan: A mortgage that meets the requirements for purchase by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Requirements include size of the loan, type and age. Current loan size limits for single-family homes range
between $200,000 and $400,000. Loans that exceed the conforming size are considered jumbo mortgages and usually have higher interest rates.
Co-Signer: An additional person who signs a loan document and takes equal responsibility for the debt. A borrower may want to use a co-signer if their credit or financial situation is not good enough to qualify for a
loan on their own. A co-signer is legally responsible for the loan and the shared account will appear on their credit report. Having a co-signer is only helpful if the co-signer’s credit or financial standing is better than
the primary lender.
Convenience Check: Checks provided by your credit card company that you can use to access your available credit. These checks often have different rates and terms than your standard credit card charges.
Convertible ARM: An adjustable rate mortgage that can be converted to a fixed-rate mortgage under specified conditions.
Credit Bureaus: Also known as credit reporting agencies, these companies collect information from creditors and lenders about consumer financial behavior. This data is then provided to businesses that want to
evaluate how risky it would be to lend money to a potential borrower. Once a low-tech system of regional credit reporting agencies, the industry is now consolidated into the three national credit bureaus - Equifax,
Experian and TransUnion. FICO is not a credit bureau; instead they are company that develops credit scoring formulas. Click here to order your credit reports from all three bureaus online .
Credit Counseling: A service that helps consumers repay their debts and improve their credit. Usually non-profit companies, most of these agencies offer helpful and affordable services. Consumers should be aware
that there are also credit counseling agencies that are expensive, ineffective and even damaging to the client’s credit (see Credit Repair). Consumers should carefully review the company’s reputation and services
before signing up.
Credit File: Another term for your credit report . The term credit file is usually used to indicate the full record of your credit history maintained by a credit bureau. Your credit report may not include all the information
in your credit file.
Credit History: Another term for the information on your credit report. Your credit history is a record of how you have has repaid your credit obligations in the past.
Credit Limit: The total amount that a company will allow you to charge to a credit card or credit line. It’s best for your credit score to keep your credit card balances below 35% of your credit limit. If you spend more
than your credit limit, you will be charged an “overage fee” of about $10-50.
Credit Obligation: An agreement where a person becomes legally responsible for paying back borrowed money.
Credit Repair: A generally unscrupulous or illegal form of credit counseling that promises the impossible, such as erasing accurate records from your credit report.
Credit Report: The individual records of consumer financial behavior kept by credit bureaus and provided to businesses when they want to evaluate potential borrowers. Credit reports include records on: consumer
name, current and former addresses, employment, credit and loan histories, inquiries, collection records, and public records such as bankruptcy filings and tax liens. You can purchase your credit reports online
anytime .
Credit Score: A numerical evaluation of your credit history used by businesses to quickly understand how risky a borrower you are. Credit scores are calculated using complex mathematical formulas that look at your
most current payment history, debts, credit history, inquiries and other factors from your credit report. Credit scores usually range from 300-850, with 680 or higher considered to be “good” credit scores. There are
thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas (including FICO, Beacon and Empirca scores) used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can vary somewhat in how it evaluates your
credit data. Click here to check your credit score online .
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Debt: The amount of money owed.
Debt Consolidation: A process of combining debts into one loan or repayment plan. Debt consolidation can be done on your own, with a financial institution or through a counseling service. Student loans are often
consolidated in order to secure a lower interest rate. (See Debt Counseling and Debt Settlement)
Debt Counseling: A type of credit counseling that focuses specifically on helping people with debt issues. Instead of consolidating debts into one loan, debt counseling agencies negotiate with your creditors using pre-
set agreements and spread your payments over a longer period in order to reduce the monthly amount due. Usually non-profit companies, most of these agencies offer helpful and affordable services. Consumers
should be aware that there are also debt counseling agencies that are expensive, ineffective and even damaging to the client’s credit score (see Credit Repair).
Debt Settlement: A process where you pay an agency to negotiate directly with your creditors in the hopes of making significantly reduced settlements for your debts. Working with a debt settlement company can
result in damaged credit from numerous late payments and collection records. Consumers should fully investigate the practices, reputation and costs of working with a debt settlement company before signing up.
Debt-to-Available-Credit Ratio: The amount of money you owe in outstanding debts compared to the total amount of credit you have available though all credit cards and credit lines. This ratio measures how much of
your available credit you are using. The higher your debt to available credit ratio, the more risky you appear to potential lenders.
Debt-to-Income Ratio: The percentage of your monthly pre-tax income that is used to pay off debts such as auto loans, student loans and credit card balances. Lenders look at two ratios: The front-end ratio is the
percentage of monthly pre-tax earnings that are spent on house payments. In the back-end ratio, the borrower’s other debts are factored in along with the house payments.
Default: The status of a debt account that has not been paid. Accounts are usually listed as being in default after they have been reported late (delinquent) several times. Defaults are a serious negative item on a
credit report.
Delinquency: A term used for late payment or lack of payment on a loan, debt or credit card account. Accounts are usually referred to as 30, 60, 90 or 120 days delinquent because most lenders have monthly
payment cycles. Delinquencies remain on your credit report for 7 years and are damaging to your credit score.
Demand Draft Checks: A type of electronic check that can be created online by entering account numbers listed on the bottom of a personal check and that can be cashed without a signature. This system was
originally designed to help telemarketers take check payments over the phone. Now it is one of the fastest growing fraud tools.
Dispute: The process of submitting a request to the credit bureaus to have an error on your credit report corrected. Disputes are investigated and updates made to your credit report over a 30 day period. If your
correction is made, you will receive a letter from the credit bureaus and a copy of your updated credit report. If your dispute is rejected, you will receive a letter explaining why the credit bureau could not verify the
correction.
Divorce Decree: A court order that grants a divorce and outlines terms for child support, alimony and the separation of assets. While a divorce decree may define responsibility for shared debts (your spouse pays the
car loan, you pay the mortgage) it does not legally separate responsibility for these accounts. In order to stop double responsibility and credit reporting of shared accounts, the debts must be closed or refinanced
directly with the lender.
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Empirica Score: A specific credit score developed by TransUnion. There are thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can vary
somewhat in how it evaluates your credit data. Click here to check your credit score online .
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA): A law that protects consumers from discrimination on the basis of race, sex, public assistance income, age, marital status, nationality or religion in the credit and lending process.
Equifax: One of the three national credit bureaus (also known as credit reporting agencies) that collects and provides consumer financial records. You can purchase your credit report from Equifax online anytime .
Equity: The fair market value of a home minus the unpaid mortgage principal and liens. You build up equity in a home as you pay down your mortgage and as the property value increases. Also called the lendable
value or net value.
Experian: One of the three national credit bureaus that collects and provides consumer financial records. Experian (formerly known as TRW) operates the ConsumerInfo, FreeCreditReport and CreditExpert brands. You
can purchase your credit report form Experian online anytime .
Expiration Term: The set number of years that a record will remain on your credit report as mandated by the FCRA. Most negative records stay on your credit report for 7-10 years. The shortest expiration term is two
years for inquiry records. The longest expiration term is 15 years for paid tax liens or indefinitely for unpaid tax liens. Positive information can also stay on your credit report indefinitely.
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Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction (FACT) Act: The FACT Act was signed into law December 2003 and includes several consumer credit industry regulations. This law requires credit bureaus to provide all US
residents with a free copy of their credit report once every 12 months. The law also includes new privacy regulations, identity theft protections and dispute procedure requirements.
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA): A federal law first passed in the 1970’s that promotes accuracy, confidentiality and proper use of information in the files kept by credit reporting agencies. This law specifies the
expiration terms of records on your credit report, defines who can access your credit data and grants consumers the right to view and dispute their credit records. You can review all your rights under the FCRA online in
our Learning Center.
Fannie Mae: The largest mortgage investor. A government-sponsored enterprise that buys mortgages from lenders, bundles them into investments and sells them on the secondary mortgage market. Formerly known as
the Federal National Mortgage
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V
1/1 ARM: An adjustable-rate mortgage that has a set initial interest rate for the first year. After that period, the mortgage rate adjusts each year. Each annual rate adjustment is based on (or “indexed to”) another rate,
often the yield on a U.S. Treasury note.
10/1 ARM: An adjustable-rate mortgage that has a set initial interest rate for the first 10 years. After that period, the mortgage rate adjusts each year.
3/1 Interest-Only ARM: An adjustable rate mortgage in which none of the payments go toward paying off the loan principal for the first three years.
3-in-1 Credit Report: Also called a merged credit report, this type of report includes your credit data from TransUnion, Equifax and Experian in a side-by-side format for easy comparison. You can order your 3-in-1
Credit Report online anytime.
80-10-10 Loan: A combination of an 80% loan-to-value first mortgage, a 10% home equity loan and a 10% down payment. The loans can be used to eliminate the need for private mortgage insurance.
Return to Top
A
ACH: Automated Clearing House. This is a national network that allows for transferring funds electronically between businesses, consumers and financial institutions.
Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM): A home loan where the interest rate is changed periodically based on a standard financial index. ARM’s offer lower initial interest rates with the risk of rates increasing in the future. In
comparison, a fixed rate mortgage (FRM’s) offers a higher rate that will not change for the length of the loan. ARMs often have caps on how much the interest rate can rise or fall. You can shop and compare mortgage
options securely online.
Alternative Mortgage: Any home loan that is not a standard fixed-rate mortgage. This includes ARM’s, reverse mortgages and jumbo mortgages.
Alias: A note on your credit report that indicates other names used for your financial accounts. Sometimes marked as “Also Known As” or “AKA.” This can include maiden names or variations on the spelling and format
of your full name.
Amortization: The process of gradually repaying a debt with regularly scheduled payments.
AnnualCreditReport.com: The official website for obtaining your free credit report disclosures from the credit bureaus, Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. You have the right to request your credit reports online, by
phone or by mail for free once every 12 months under FACT Act regulations. This free service can only be used once a year and does not include your credit scores or any credit monitoring services.
Annual Fee: A charge sometimes required by credit card companies for use of an account. Annual fees range between $10-50 a year and are most common with rewards cards or cards for subprime borrowers.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The interest rate being charged on a debt, expressed as a yearly rate. Credit cards often have several different APR’s - one for purchases, one for cash advances and one for balance
transfers. Some lenders may increase the APR if a payment is late.
Application Fee: Amount a lender charges to process loan application documents. Quality lenders do not charge these fees (though they may charge many others).
Application Scoring: A specific kind of statistical scoring that businesses use to evaluate an applicant for acceptance or denial. Similar to credit scoring, application scoring often factors in other relevant details such
as employment status and income to determine risk.
Appraisal Fee: The amount charged to deliver a professional opinion about how much a property is worth. For a standard home or condominium, this fee is usually around $200-500.
Appraised Value: An educated opinion of how much a property is worth. An appraiser considers the price of similar homes in the area, the condition of the home and the features of the property to estimate the value.
Request a free home value estimate .
Asset: Assets are things owned by a person that have cash value. This can include homes, cars, boats, savings and investments.
Authorized User: Anyone who uses your credit cards or credit accounts with your permission. More specifically, someone who has a credit card from your account with their name on it. An authorized user is not legally
responsible for the debt and will not get credit score benefit from it. However, the account may appear on their credit report.
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B
Back-End Ratio or Back Ratio: The sum of your monthly mortgage payment and all other monthly debts (credit cards, car payments, student loans, etc.) divided by your monthly pre-tax income. Traditionally, lenders
wouldn’t give people loans that increased this ratio past 36%, but they often do now. (See Debt-to-Income Ratio)
Balance Transfer: The process of moving all or part of the outstanding balance on one credit card to another account. Credit card companies often offer special rates for balance transfers. Compare your credit card
options online today .
Balloon Payment: A loan where the payments don’t pay off the principal in full by the end of the term. When the loan term expires (usually after 5-7 years), the borrower must pay a balloon payment for the remaining
amount or refinance. Balloon loans sometimes include convertible options that allow the remaining amount to automatically be transferred into a long-term mortgage. (See Convertible ARM)
Bankruptcy: A proceeding that legally releases a person from repaying a portion or all debts owed. Bankruptcy damages your credit for 7-10 years and should only be considered as a last resort if you cannot repay your
debts. (See Chapter 7-13 Bankruptcy)
Beacon Score: A specific credit score developed by Equifax. There are thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can vary somewhat in
how it evaluates your credit data. Check your credit score online .
Bi-Weekly Mortgage: A mortgage that schedules payments every two weeks instead of the standard monthly payment. The 26 bi-weekly payments are each equal to one-half of a monthly payment. The result is that the
mortgage is paid off sooner.
Broker Premium: The amount a mortgage broker is paid for serving as the middleman between a lender and a borrower. This premium comes from the surcharge a broker applies to a discounted loan before offering it
to a borrower.
Borrower: The individual who is requesting the loan and who will be responsible to pay it back.
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C
Cardholder: The person who is issued a credit card and/or any authorized users.
Cash Advance: A cash loan requested from your creditor, usually through using your credit card at an ATM machine. Or a loan advance on your paycheck. These loans include special interest rates charged on the
amount of the advance.
Cash-Out Refinance: A new mortgage for an existing property in which the amount borrowed is greater than the amount of the previous mortgage. The difference is given to the borrower in cash when the loan is
closed.
Chapter 7 Bankruptcy: A type of consumer bankruptcy where your responsibility for your debts is cleared entirely. With this kind of bankruptcy you are not required to pay back debts you owe from before your filing.
Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing records remain on your credit report for 10 years and the record of each account included in your filing will remain on your report for 7 years. This has been the most common type of filing
but changes to bankruptcy law will make it more difficult to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the future.
Chapter 11 Bankruptcy: A complex type of bankruptcy usually filed by businesses that wish to restructure their debts.
Chapter 12 Bankruptcy: A type of bankruptcy specifically for farmers and fishermen. Similar to Chapter 13 bankruptcy but with a few special benefits.
Chapter 13 Bankruptcy: A type of bankruptcy where the consumer must pay off some of their debts over time. Chapter 13 bankruptcy filing records remain on your credit report for 7 years from the discharge date or 10
years from the filing date if it is not discharged. Each account included in the filing will remain on your report for 7 years.
Charge-Off: When a creditor or lender writes off the balance of a delinquent debt, no longer expecting it to be repaid. A charge-off is also known as a bad debt. Charge-off records remain on your credit report for 7
years and will harm your credit score. After a debt is charged-off, it can be sold to a collections agency.
ChexSystems: A credit reporting company that tracks your banking history and provides this data to banks when you apply for a new checking account. Negative records, such as bounced checks, can be kept in their
database for up to five years. If there are errors on your ChexSystems record, you can contact the company to submit a dispute.
Closing Costs: The amounts charged to a consumer when they are transferring ownership or borrowing against a property. Closing costs include lender, title and escrow fees and usually range from 3-6% of the
purchase price.
Collateral: An asset or property used as security against a loan. (See Secured Credit Card)
Collections: When a business sells your debt for a reduced amount to an agency in order to recover the amounts owed. Credit card debts, medical bills, cell phone bills, utility charges, library fees and video store fees
are often sold to collections. Collection agencies attempt to recover past-due debts by contacting the borrower via phone and mail. Collection records can remain on your credit report for 7 years from the last 180 day
late payment on the original debt. Your rights are defined by the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act .
Combined Loan-to-Value Ratio: The total amount you are borrowing in mortgage debts divided by the home’s fair market value. Someone with a $50,000 first mortgage and a $20,000 equity line secured against a
$100,000 house would have a CLTV ratio of 70%.
Commitment Fee: A fee paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for a promise to lend money on certain terms for a specified period. Usually charged in order to extend a loan approval offer for longer than the 30-
60 day standard period. Quality lenders don’t usually charge these fees.
Conforming Loan: A mortgage that meets the requirements for purchase by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Requirements include size of the loan, type and age. Current loan size limits for single-family homes range
between $200,000 and $400,000. Loans that exceed the conforming size are considered jumbo mortgages and usually have higher interest rates.
Co-Signer: An additional person who signs a loan document and takes equal responsibility for the debt. A borrower may want to use a co-signer if their credit or financial situation is not good enough to qualify for a
loan on their own. A co-signer is legally responsible for the loan and the shared account will appear on their credit report. Having a co-signer is only helpful if the co-signer’s credit or financial standing is better than
the primary lender.
Convenience Check: Checks provided by your credit card company that you can use to access your available credit. These checks often have different rates and terms than your standard credit card charges.
Convertible ARM: An adjustable rate mortgage that can be converted to a fixed-rate mortgage under specified conditions.
Credit Bureaus: Also known as credit reporting agencies, these companies collect information from creditors and lenders about consumer financial behavior. This data is then provided to businesses that want to
evaluate how risky it would be to lend money to a potential borrower. Once a low-tech system of regional credit reporting agencies, the industry is now consolidated into the three national credit bureaus - Equifax,
Experian and TransUnion. FICO is not a credit bureau; instead they are company that develops credit scoring formulas. Click here to order your credit reports from all three bureaus online .
Credit Counseling: A service that helps consumers repay their debts and improve their credit. Usually non-profit companies, most of these agencies offer helpful and affordable services. Consumers should be aware
that there are also credit counseling agencies that are expensive, ineffective and even damaging to the client’s credit (see Credit Repair). Consumers should carefully review the company’s reputation and services
before signing up.
Credit File: Another term for your credit report . The term credit file is usually used to indicate the full record of your credit history maintained by a credit bureau. Your credit report may not include all the information
in your credit file.
Credit History: Another term for the information on your credit report. Your credit history is a record of how you have has repaid your credit obligations in the past.
Credit Limit: The total amount that a company will allow you to charge to a credit card or credit line. It’s best for your credit score to keep your credit card balances below 35% of your credit limit. If you spend more
than your credit limit, you will be charged an “overage fee” of about $10-50.
Credit Obligation: An agreement where a person becomes legally responsible for paying back borrowed money.
Credit Repair: A generally unscrupulous or illegal form of credit counseling that promises the impossible, such as erasing accurate records from your credit report.
Credit Report: The individual records of consumer financial behavior kept by credit bureaus and provided to businesses when they want to evaluate potential borrowers. Credit reports include records on: consumer
name, current and former addresses, employment, credit and loan histories, inquiries, collection records, and public records such as bankruptcy filings and tax liens. You can purchase your credit reports online
anytime .
Credit Score: A numerical evaluation of your credit history used by businesses to quickly understand how risky a borrower you are. Credit scores are calculated using complex mathematical formulas that look at your
most current payment history, debts, credit history, inquiries and other factors from your credit report. Credit scores usually range from 300-850, with 680 or higher considered to be “good” credit scores. There are
thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas (including FICO, Beacon and Empirca scores) used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can vary somewhat in how it evaluates your
credit data. Click here to check your credit score online .
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D
Debt: The amount of money owed.
Debt Consolidation: A process of combining debts into one loan or repayment plan. Debt consolidation can be done on your own, with a financial institution or through a counseling service. Student loans are often
consolidated in order to secure a lower interest rate. (See Debt Counseling and Debt Settlement)
Debt Counseling: A type of credit counseling that focuses specifically on helping people with debt issues. Instead of consolidating debts into one loan, debt counseling agencies negotiate with your creditors using pre-
set agreements and spread your payments over a longer period in order to reduce the monthly amount due. Usually non-profit companies, most of these agencies offer helpful and affordable services. Consumers
should be aware that there are also debt counseling agencies that are expensive, ineffective and even damaging to the client’s credit score (see Credit Repair).
Debt Settlement: A process where you pay an agency to negotiate directly with your creditors in the hopes of making significantly reduced settlements for your debts. Working with a debt settlement company can
result in damaged credit from numerous late payments and collection records. Consumers should fully investigate the practices, reputation and costs of working with a debt settlement company before signing up.
Debt-to-Available-Credit Ratio: The amount of money you owe in outstanding debts compared to the total amount of credit you have available though all credit cards and credit lines. This ratio measures how much of
your available credit you are using. The higher your debt to available credit ratio, the more risky you appear to potential lenders.
Debt-to-Income Ratio: The percentage of your monthly pre-tax income that is used to pay off debts such as auto loans, student loans and credit card balances. Lenders look at two ratios: The front-end ratio is the
percentage of monthly pre-tax earnings that are spent on house payments. In the back-end ratio, the borrower’s other debts are factored in along with the house payments.
Default: The status of a debt account that has not been paid. Accounts are usually listed as being in default after they have been reported late (delinquent) several times. Defaults are a serious negative item on a
credit report.
Delinquency: A term used for late payment or lack of payment on a loan, debt or credit card account. Accounts are usually referred to as 30, 60, 90 or 120 days delinquent because most lenders have monthly
payment cycles. Delinquencies remain on your credit report for 7 years and are damaging to your credit score.
Demand Draft Checks: A type of electronic check that can be created online by entering account numbers listed on the bottom of a personal check and that can be cashed without a signature. This system was
originally designed to help telemarketers take check payments over the phone. Now it is one of the fastest growing fraud tools.
Dispute: The process of submitting a request to the credit bureaus to have an error on your credit report corrected. Disputes are investigated and updates made to your credit report over a 30 day period. If your
correction is made, you will receive a letter from the credit bureaus and a copy of your updated credit report. If your dispute is rejected, you will receive a letter explaining why the credit bureau could not verify the
correction.
Divorce Decree: A court order that grants a divorce and outlines terms for child support, alimony and the separation of assets. While a divorce decree may define responsibility for shared debts (your spouse pays the
car loan, you pay the mortgage) it does not legally separate responsibility for these accounts. In order to stop double responsibility and credit reporting of shared accounts, the debts must be closed or refinanced
directly with the lender.
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Empirica Score: A specific credit score developed by TransUnion. There are thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can vary
somewhat in how it evaluates your credit data. Click here to check your credit score online .
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA): A law that protects consumers from discrimination on the basis of race, sex, public assistance income, age, marital status, nationality or religion in the credit and lending process.
Equifax: One of the three national credit bureaus (also known as credit reporting agencies) that collects and provides consumer financial records. You can purchase your credit report from Equifax online anytime .
Equity: The fair market value of a home minus the unpaid mortgage principal and liens. You build up equity in a home as you pay down your mortgage and as the property value increases. Also called the lendable
value or net value.
Experian: One of the three national credit bureaus that collects and provides consumer financial records. Experian (formerly known as TRW) operates the ConsumerInfo, FreeCreditReport and CreditExpert brands. You
can purchase your credit report form Experian online anytime .
Expiration Term: The set number of years that a record will remain on your credit report as mandated by the FCRA. Most negative records stay on your credit report for 7-10 years. The shortest expiration term is two
years for inquiry records. The longest expiration term is 15 years for paid tax liens or indefinitely for unpaid tax liens. Positive information can also stay on your credit report indefinitely.
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Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction (FACT) Act: The FACT Act was signed into law December 2003 and includes several consumer credit industry regulations. This law requires credit bureaus to provide all US
residents with a free copy of their credit report once every 12 months. The law also includes new privacy regulations, identity theft protections and dispute procedure requirements.
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA): A federal law first passed in the 1970’s that promotes accuracy, confidentiality and proper use of information in the files kept by credit reporting agencies. This law specifies the
expiration terms of records on your credit report, defines who can access your credit data and grants consumers the right to view and dispute their credit records. You can review all your rights under the FCRA online in
our Learning Center.
Fannie Mae: The largest mortgage investor. A government-sponsored enterprise that buys mortgages from lenders, bundles them into investments and sells them on the secondary mortgage market. Formerly known as
the Federal National Mortgage
Association.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA): A division of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) that provides mortgage insurance and sets construction and underwriting standards.
FICO Score: A specific credit score developed by Fair Isaac Corporation. There are thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can
vary somewhat in how it evaluates your credit data. Click here to check your credit score online .
File Freeze: Residents of select states (currently California, Louisiana, Texas, Vermont and Washington) can request that the credit bureaus freeze their credit reports. This freeze stops new credit from being
issued in your name by blocking creditors, lenders, insurers and other companies from accessing your credit data. In some cases, a $10 fee for each credit bureau is required to process the file freeze. The freeze
can also be temporarily or permanently undone for an additional fee.
Finance Charge: The total cost of using credit. Besides interest charges, the finance charge may include other costs such as cash-advance fees.
First Mortgage: The primary loan on a real estate property. This loan has priority over all other “secondary” loans.
Fixed Rate: An interest rate for a credit card or loan that remains constant.
Fixed-Rate Option: A home equity line of credit financing option that allows borrowers to specify the payments and interest on a portion of their balance. This can be done a few times during the life of the loan,
usually for an additional fee.
Fixed Rate Mortgage (FRM): A mortgage with an interest rate that remains constant for the entire duration of the loan. FRM’s have longer terms (15-30 years) and higher interest rates than adjustable rate
mortgages but are not at risk for changing interest rates. You can shop and compare mortgage options securely online.
Foreclosure: When a borrower is in default on a loan or mortgage, the creditor can enact a legal process to claim ownership of the collateral property. Foreclosure usually involves a forced sale of the property
where the proceeds go toward paying off the debt.
Fraud Alert: If you suspect that you are a victim of identity theft, you may contact the credit bureaus to request that a 90-day fraud alert is placed on your credit reports. This alert notifies potential creditors to
take extra steps to verify your identity before opening a new account. If you have been a victim of identity theft you only need to contact one bureau to have a temporary 90 day alert added to all three of your
credit reports . This 90 day alert notifies potential creditors that your identity may have been stolen and suggests that they take extra steps to confirm your identity before opening a new account. If it turns out
that your identity has been stolen, you can request an extended 7 year alert by providing documentation of the crime (such as a police report). There is also a special 1 year fraud alert available for military
personnel on activity duty.
Freddie Mac: Formerly known as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, this is a government-sponsored firm that buys mortgages from lenders, pools them with other loans and sells them to investors.
Front-End Ratio or Front Ratio: A calculation of the percentage of your monthly pre-tax income that goes toward a house payment. The general rule is that your front ratio shouldn’t exceed 28%.
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G
Garnishment: When a creditor receives legal permission to take a portion of your assets (bank account, salary, etc) to repay a delinquent debt.
Ginnie Mae: Also known as the Government National Mortgage Association. A part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development that buys mortgages from lending institutions and pools them to form
securities, which it then sells to investors.
Grace Period: A period of time, often about 25 days, during which you can pay your credit card bill without incurring a finance charge. With most credit card accounts, the grace period applies only if you pay
your balance in full each month. It does not apply if you carry a balance forward or in the case of cash advances. If your account has no grace period, interest will be charged on a purchase as soon as it is
made. Compare credit cards offers online today .
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Hard Inquiry: A record of a business request to see your credit report data for the purpose of an application for credit. Hard inquiries appear on your credit report each time you complete an application for a
credit card, loan, cell phone, etc. Hard inquiries can remain on your credit report for up to 2 years and can cause your credit score to drop slightly.
High-LTV Equity Loan: A specific kind of home loan that causes your loan-to-value ratio to be 125% or more. When the total principal of a loan leaves the borrower with debt that exceeds the fair market value
of the home, the interest paid on the portion of the loan above that value may not be tax deductible.
Home Equity Line of Credit: An open-ended loan that is backed by the part of a home’s value that the borrower owns outright. This type of loan is used much like a credit card. Home equity lines of credit can be
effective ways to borrow large sums of money with a relatively low interest rate. Apply for a home equity loan online. These types of loans should be used with caution. If a borrower is unable to pay back the
loan for some reason (loss of job, illness, etc.) they risk loosing the home they used as collateral.
Home Equity: The part of a home’s value that the mortgage borrower owns outright. This is the difference between the fair market value of the home and the principal balances of all mortgage loans.
Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act: A law designed to discourage predatory lending in mortgages and home equity loans.
Housing Expense Ratio: The percentage of your monthly pre-tax income that goes toward your house payment. The general rule is that this ratio shouldn’t exceed 28%. This is also known as the “front ratio.”
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Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN): This nine digit identification number is issued by the Internal Revenue Service to taxpayers who don’t have a Social Security number, such as people who are
not US citizens. This number can be used to apply for credit and loans or to access credit reports.
Income Verification: Loan applications may require fully documented proof of an applicant’s income. Loans of this type usually offer lower interest rates than no-income or “no-doc” verification loans.
Inquiry: An item on your credit report that shows that someone with a “permissible purpose” under FCRA regulations has previously requested a copy of your credit report data. (See Soft Inquiry, Promotional
Inquiry and Hard Inquiry).
Installment Account: A type of loan where the borrower makes the same payment each month. This includes personal loans and automotive loans. Mortgage loans are also installment accounts but are usually
classified by the credit reporting system as real-estate accounts instead.
Interest Rate Cap: A limit on how much a borrower’s percentage rate can increase or decrease at rate adjustment periods and over the life of the loan. Interest rate caps are used for ARM loans where the rates
can vary at certain points.
Interest Rate: A measure of the cost of credit, expressed as a percent. For variable-rate credit card plans, the interest rate is explicitly tied to another interest rate. The interest rate on fixed-rate credit card plans,
though not explicitly tied to changes in other interest rates, can also change over time.
Interest: The money a borrower pays for the ability to borrow from a lender or creditor. Interest is calculated as a percentage of the money borrowed and is paid over a specified time.
Interest-Only Loan: A type of loan where the repayment only covers the interest that accumulates on the loan balance and not the actual price of the property. The principal does not decrease with the
payments. Interest-only loans usually have a term of 1-5 years.
Introductory Rate: A temporary, low interest rate offered on a credit card in order to attract customers. This low rate usually lasts for about six months before converting to a normal fixed or variable rate. With
some offers, the introductory rate can be revoked or terminated early if you make a late payment or violate some other terms of the account. Shop for a credit card with a low introductory rate online .
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J
Joint Account: An account shared by two or more people. Each person on the account is legally responsible for the debt and the account will be reported to each person’s credit report.
Judgment: A decision from a judge on a civil action or lawsuit; usually an amount of money a person is required to pay to satisfy a debt or as a penalty. Judgment records remain on your credit report for 7 years
and harm your credit score significantly.
Jumbo Mortgage: A loan that exceeds the limits set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (usually when the loan amount is more than $200,000-400,000). Also known as a non-conventional or non-conforming loan,
these mortgages usually have higher interest rates than standard loans.
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Federal Housing Administration (FHA): A division of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) that provides mortgage insurance and sets construction and underwriting standards.
FICO Score: A specific credit score developed by Fair Isaac Corporation. There are thousands of slightly different credit scoring formulas used by bankers, lenders, creditors, insurers and retailers. Each score can
vary somewhat in how it evaluates your credit data. Click here to check your credit score online .
File Freeze: Residents of select states (currently California, Louisiana, Texas, Vermont and Washington) can request that the credit bureaus freeze their credit reports. This freeze stops new credit from being
issued in your name by blocking creditors, lenders, insurers and other companies from accessing your credit data. In some cases, a $10 fee for each credit bureau is required to process the file freeze. The freeze
can also be temporarily or permanently undone for an additional fee.
Finance Charge: The total cost of using credit. Besides interest charges, the finance charge may include other costs such as cash-advance fees.
First Mortgage: The primary loan on a real estate property. This loan has priority over all other “secondary” loans.
Fixed Rate: An interest rate for a credit card or loan that remains constant.
Fixed-Rate Option: A home equity line of credit financing option that allows borrowers to specify the payments and interest on a portion of their balance. This can be done a few times during the life of the loan,
usually for an additional fee.
Fixed Rate Mortgage (FRM): A mortgage with an interest rate that remains constant for the entire duration of the loan. FRM’s have longer terms (15-30 years) and higher interest rates than adjustable rate
mortgages but are not at risk for changing interest rates. You can shop and compare mortgage options securely online.
Foreclosure: When a borrower is in default on a loan or mortgage, the creditor can enact a legal process to claim ownership of the collateral property. Foreclosure usually involves a forced sale of the property
where the proceeds go toward paying off the debt.
Fraud Alert: If you suspect that you are a victim of identity theft, you may contact the credit bureaus to request that a 90-day fraud alert is placed on your credit reports. This alert notifies potential creditors to
take extra steps to verify your identity before opening a new account. If you have been a victim of identity theft you only need to contact one bureau to have a temporary 90 day alert added to all three of your
credit reports . This 90 day alert notifies potential creditors that your identity may have been stolen and suggests that they take extra steps to confirm your identity before opening a new account. If it turns out
that your identity has been stolen, you can request an extended 7 year alert by providing documentation of the crime (such as a police report). There is also a special 1 year fraud alert available for military
personnel on activity duty.
Freddie Mac: Formerly known as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, this is a government-sponsored firm that buys mortgages from lenders, pools them with other loans and sells them to investors.
Front-End Ratio or Front Ratio: A calculation of the percentage of your monthly pre-tax income that goes toward a house payment. The general rule is that your front ratio shouldn’t exceed 28%.
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G
Garnishment: When a creditor receives legal permission to take a portion of your assets (bank account, salary, etc) to repay a delinquent debt.
Ginnie Mae: Also known as the Government National Mortgage Association. A part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development that buys mortgages from lending institutions and pools them to form
securities, which it then sells to investors.
Grace Period: A period of time, often about 25 days, during which you can pay your credit card bill without incurring a finance charge. With most credit card accounts, the grace period applies only if you pay
your balance in full each month. It does not apply if you carry a balance forward or in the case of cash advances. If your account has no grace period, interest will be charged on a purchase as soon as it is
made. Compare credit cards offers online today .
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H
Hard Inquiry: A record of a business request to see your credit report data for the purpose of an application for credit. Hard inquiries appear on your credit report each time you complete an application for a
credit card, loan, cell phone, etc. Hard inquiries can remain on your credit report for up to 2 years and can cause your credit score to drop slightly.
High-LTV Equity Loan: A specific kind of home loan that causes your loan-to-value ratio to be 125% or more. When the total principal of a loan leaves the borrower with debt that exceeds the fair market value
of the home, the interest paid on the portion of the loan above that value may not be tax deductible.
Home Equity Line of Credit: An open-ended loan that is backed by the part of a home’s value that the borrower owns outright. This type of loan is used much like a credit card. Home equity lines of credit can be
effective ways to borrow large sums of money with a relatively low interest rate. Apply for a home equity loan online. These types of loans should be used with caution. If a borrower is unable to pay back the
loan for some reason (loss of job, illness, etc.) they risk loosing the home they used as collateral.
Home Equity: The part of a home’s value that the mortgage borrower owns outright. This is the difference between the fair market value of the home and the principal balances of all mortgage loans.
Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act: A law designed to discourage predatory lending in mortgages and home equity loans.
Housing Expense Ratio: The percentage of your monthly pre-tax income that goes toward your house payment. The general rule is that this ratio shouldn’t exceed 28%. This is also known as the “front ratio.”
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I
Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN): This nine digit identification number is issued by the Internal Revenue Service to taxpayers who don’t have a Social Security number, such as people who are
not US citizens. This number can be used to apply for credit and loans or to access credit reports.
Income Verification: Loan applications may require fully documented proof of an applicant’s income. Loans of this type usually offer lower interest rates than no-income or “no-doc” verification loans.
Inquiry: An item on your credit report that shows that someone with a “permissible purpose” under FCRA regulations has previously requested a copy of your credit report data. (See Soft Inquiry, Promotional
Inquiry and Hard Inquiry).
Installment Account: A type of loan where the borrower makes the same payment each month. This includes personal loans and automotive loans. Mortgage loans are also installment accounts but are usually
classified by the credit reporting system as real-estate accounts instead.
Interest Rate Cap: A limit on how much a borrower’s percentage rate can increase or decrease at rate adjustment periods and over the life of the loan. Interest rate caps are used for ARM loans where the rates
can vary at certain points.
Interest Rate: A measure of the cost of credit, expressed as a percent. For variable-rate credit card plans, the interest rate is explicitly tied to another interest rate. The interest rate on fixed-rate credit card plans,
though not explicitly tied to changes in other interest rates, can also change over time.
Interest: The money a borrower pays for the ability to borrow from a lender or creditor. Interest is calculated as a percentage of the money borrowed and is paid over a specified time.
Interest-Only Loan: A type of loan where the repayment only covers the interest that accumulates on the loan balance and not the actual price of the property. The principal does not decrease with the
payments. Interest-only loans usually have a term of 1-5 years.
Introductory Rate: A temporary, low interest rate offered on a credit card in order to attract customers. This low rate usually lasts for about six months before converting to a normal fixed or variable rate. With
some offers, the introductory rate can be revoked or terminated early if you make a late payment or violate some other terms of the account. Shop for a credit card with a low introductory rate online .
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J
Joint Account: An account shared by two or more people. Each person on the account is legally responsible for the debt and the account will be reported to each person’s credit report.
Judgment: A decision from a judge on a civil action or lawsuit; usually an amount of money a person is required to pay to satisfy a debt or as a penalty. Judgment records remain on your credit report for 7 years
and harm your credit score significantly.
Jumbo Mortgage: A loan that exceeds the limits set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (usually when the loan amount is more than $200,000-400,000). Also known as a non-conventional or non-conforming loan,
these mortgages usually have higher interest rates than standard loans.
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Lease: An agreement where a dealer allows a consumer to use a car for a specific period in exchange for monthly payments. The car can either be returned or purchased at the end of the lease term.
Lease extension: An agreement to extend the term of the initial lease with the same monthly payments.
Lease-like loan: Usually offered by credit unions, this loan acts much a like an auto lease. The loan has reduced monthly payments, but does not include traditional due-on-signing lease fees. At the end of the
loan term the car must be sold, refinanced, or returned to the lender in order to pay off the remaining loan balance.
Manufacturer: A company that designs, produces, and markets vehicles. A manufacturer works with dealers to offer rebates, marketing support, incentives, and financing programs to help sell its cars.
Mileage charge: A fee charged by a dealer if a leased car exceeds its annual mileage limits.
Monroney sticker: Named after the Oklahoma senator who wrote the Automobile Information Disclosure Act, this is the official name for the sticker required to be placed on a car’s window when it is being sold by
a dealer. The sticker shows the base price, standard features, add-ons with their retail prices, fuel economy, delivery charges, and the manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP).
Mop and Glow: A dealer term for add-ons such as paint sealant that add to the price (and not really to the value) of a car posted for sale.
MSRP: Acronym for Manufacturers Suggested Retail Price. This amount includes the price of the vehicle and add-ons.
Open-end lease: A type of vehicle lease program where the borrower must pay the difference between the residual value and the market value of the car at the end of the lease term. This type of lease is less
expensive than an open-end lease because the borrower assumes more risk.
Rebate: A reduction in the price of a car set by the manufacturer in order to boost sales. Rebates are commonly used as a down payment when financing the vehicle.
Repossession: When a loan is significantly overdue, a lender can claim ownership of the financed vehicle.
Residual value: The estimated value of a car when it is returned from a lease. The actual market value is subtracted from this amount to calculate fees at the end of a lease term.
Rule of 78’s: An obscure and outdated formula that is still sometimes used by dealers to calculate a refund of finance charges when a borrower pays back his or her loan early.
Title: Legal ownership of a specific car or property. Titles are documented with “deeds” stored in record offices.
Trade in value: The amount a dealer will pay you for an old car when you purchase a newer vehicle through its dealership. This amount is usually lower than the wholesale value of the car.
Upside down: When the balance of a borrower´s loan exceeds the value of the car. This is common during the first year of an auto loan/lease because the car depreciates rapidly. A borower can also be “upside
down” in situations where a financed car has been damaged.
Vehicle identification number: Also known as the “VIN number.” This is the unique identification number of a vehicle that appears on the registration, title, and VIN plate on the car’s dashboard. You can use this
number to look up a used car’s records.
Warranty: A dealer or manufacturer’s guarantee about a car’s performance. A warranty usually covers services and repairs for a certain amount of time or mileage.
Lease extension: An agreement to extend the term of the initial lease with the same monthly payments.
Lease-like loan: Usually offered by credit unions, this loan acts much a like an auto lease. The loan has reduced monthly payments, but does not include traditional due-on-signing lease fees. At the end of the
loan term the car must be sold, refinanced, or returned to the lender in order to pay off the remaining loan balance.
Manufacturer: A company that designs, produces, and markets vehicles. A manufacturer works with dealers to offer rebates, marketing support, incentives, and financing programs to help sell its cars.
Mileage charge: A fee charged by a dealer if a leased car exceeds its annual mileage limits.
Monroney sticker: Named after the Oklahoma senator who wrote the Automobile Information Disclosure Act, this is the official name for the sticker required to be placed on a car’s window when it is being sold by
a dealer. The sticker shows the base price, standard features, add-ons with their retail prices, fuel economy, delivery charges, and the manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP).
Mop and Glow: A dealer term for add-ons such as paint sealant that add to the price (and not really to the value) of a car posted for sale.
MSRP: Acronym for Manufacturers Suggested Retail Price. This amount includes the price of the vehicle and add-ons.
Open-end lease: A type of vehicle lease program where the borrower must pay the difference between the residual value and the market value of the car at the end of the lease term. This type of lease is less
expensive than an open-end lease because the borrower assumes more risk.
Rebate: A reduction in the price of a car set by the manufacturer in order to boost sales. Rebates are commonly used as a down payment when financing the vehicle.
Repossession: When a loan is significantly overdue, a lender can claim ownership of the financed vehicle.
Residual value: The estimated value of a car when it is returned from a lease. The actual market value is subtracted from this amount to calculate fees at the end of a lease term.
Rule of 78’s: An obscure and outdated formula that is still sometimes used by dealers to calculate a refund of finance charges when a borrower pays back his or her loan early.
Title: Legal ownership of a specific car or property. Titles are documented with “deeds” stored in record offices.
Trade in value: The amount a dealer will pay you for an old car when you purchase a newer vehicle through its dealership. This amount is usually lower than the wholesale value of the car.
Upside down: When the balance of a borrower´s loan exceeds the value of the car. This is common during the first year of an auto loan/lease because the car depreciates rapidly. A borower can also be “upside
down” in situations where a financed car has been damaged.
Vehicle identification number: Also known as the “VIN number.” This is the unique identification number of a vehicle that appears on the registration, title, and VIN plate on the car’s dashboard. You can use this
number to look up a used car’s records.
Warranty: A dealer or manufacturer’s guarantee about a car’s performance. A warranty usually covers services and repairs for a certain amount of time or mileage.
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FINANCE GLOSSARY